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Compare Paracel Islands (2003) - Peru (2004)

Compare Paracel Islands (2003) z Peru (2004)

 Paracel Islands (2003)Peru (2004)
 Paracel IslandsPeru
Administrative divisions - 24 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento) and 1 constitutional province* (provincia constitucional); Amazonas, Ancash, Apurimac, Arequipa, Ayacucho, Cajamarca, Callao*, Cusco, Huancavelica, Huanuco, Ica, Junin, La Libertad, Lambayeque, Lima, Loreto, Madre de Dios, Moquegua, Pasco, Piura, Puno, San Martin, Tacna, Tumbes, Ucayali


note: some reports indicate that the 24 departments and 1 constitutional province are now being referred to as regions; Peru is implementing a decentralization program whereby these 25 administrative divisions will begin to exercise greater governmental authority over their territories; in November 2002, voters chose their new regional presidents and other regional leaders; the authority that the regional government will exercise has not yet been clearly defined, but it will be devolved to the regions over the course of several years
Age structure - 0-14 years: 32.1% (male 4,496,146; female 4,340,580)


15-64 years: 62.8% (male 8,709,098; female 8,594,351)


65 years and over: 5.1% (male 660,734; female 743,396) (2004 est.)
Agriculture - products - coffee, cotton, sugarcane, rice, wheat, potatoes, corn, plantains, coca; poultry, beef, dairy products, wool; fish
Airports 1 (2002) 233 (2003 est.)
Airports - with paved runways total: 1


1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 (2002)
total: 52


over 3,047 m: 5


2,438 to 3,047 m: 20


1,524 to 2,437 m: 16


914 to 1,523 m: 9


under 914 m: 2 (2004 est.)
Airports - with unpaved runways - total: 182


1,524 to 2,437 m: 21


914 to 1,523 m: 62


under 914 m: 99 (2004 est.)
Area total: NA sq km


land: NA sq km


water: 0 sq km
total: 1,285,220 sq km


land: 1.28 million sq km


water: 5,220 sq km
Area - comparative NA slightly smaller than Alaska
Background The Paracel Islands are surrounded by productive fishing grounds and by potential oil and gas reserves. In 1932, French Indochina annexed the islands and set up a weather station on Pattle Island; maintenance was continued by its successor, Vietnam. China has occupied the Paracel Islands since 1974, when its troops seized a South Vietnamese garrison occupying the western islands. The islands are claimed by Taiwan and Vietnam. Ancient Peru was the seat of several prominent Andean civilizations, most notably that of the Incas whose empire was captured by the Spanish conquistadors in 1533. Peruvian independence was declared in 1821, and remaining Spanish forces defeated in 1824. After a dozen years of military rule, Peru returned to democratic leadership in 1980, but experienced economic problems and the growth of a violent insurgency. President Alberto FUJIMORI's election in 1990 ushered in a decade that saw a dramatic turnaround in the economy and significant progress in curtailing guerrilla activity. Nevertheless, the president's increasing reliance on authoritarian measures and an economic slump in the late 1990s generated mounting dissatisfaction with his regime. FUJIMORI won reelection to a third term in the spring of 2000, but international pressure and corruption scandals led to his ouster by Congress in November of that year. A caretaker government oversaw new elections in the spring of 2001, which ushered in Alejandro TOLEDO as the new head of government; his presidency has been hampered by allegations of corruption.
Birth rate - 21.27 births/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Budget - revenues: $15.86 billion


expenditures: $17.05 billion, including capital expenditures of $1.6 billion (2003 est.)
Capital - Lima
Climate tropical varies from tropical in east to dry desert in west; temperate to frigid in Andes
Coastline 518 km 2,414 km
Constitution - 31 December 1993
Country name conventional long form: none


conventional short form: Paracel Islands
conventional long form: Republic of Peru


conventional short form: Peru


local long form: Republica del Peru


local short form: Peru
Currency - nuevo sol (PEN)
Death rate - 6.29 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Debt - external - $29.95 billion (2003 est.)
Diplomatic representation from the US - chief of mission: Ambassador J. Curtis STRUBLE


embassy: Avenida La Encalada, Cuadra 17s/n, Surco, Lima 33


mailing address: P. O. Box 1995, Lima 1; American Embassy (Lima), APO AA 34031-5000


telephone: [51] (1) 434-3000


FAX: [51] (1) 434-3037
Diplomatic representation in the US - chief of mission: Ambassador Eduardo FERRERO Costa


chancery: 1700 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036


telephone: [1] (202) 833-9860 through 9869


FAX: [1] (202) 659-8124


consulate(s) general: Boston, Chicago, Denver, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, Paterson (New Jersey), San Francisco, Washington (DC)
Disputes - international occupied by China, but claimed by Taiwan and Vietnam Bolivia has reanimated its claim to restore the Atacama corridor ceded to Chile and adjoining Peru in 1884 to secure sovereign maritime assess for Bolivian natural gas
Economic aid - recipient - $895.1 million (1995)
Economy - overview China announced plans in 1997 to open the islands for tourism. Peru's economy reflects its varied geography - an arid coastal region, the Andes further inland, and tropical lands bordering Colombia and Brazil. Abundant mineral resources are found in the mountainous areas, and Peru's coastal waters provide excellent fishing grounds. However, overdependence on minerals and metals subjects the economy to fluctuations in world prices, and a lack of infrastructure deters trade and investment. After several years of inconsistent economic performance, the Peruvian economy was one of the fastest growing in Latin America in 2002 and 2003, growing by 5% and 4%, respectively, with the exchange rate stable and an annual inflation lower than 2%. Foreign direct investment also was strong, thanks to the ongoing Camisea natural gas pipeline project (scheduled to begin operations in 2004) and investments in gold mining. Risk premiums on Peruvian bonds on secondary markets reached historically low levels in late 2003, reflecting investor optimism and the government's fiscal restraint. Despite the strong macroeconomic performance, political intrigue and allegations of corruption continued to swirl in 2003, with the TOLEDO administration growing increasingly unpopular, and local and foreign concern rising that the political turmoil could place the country's hard-won fiscal and financial stability at risk. Moreover, as of late 2003, unemployment had yet to respond to the strong growth in economic activity, owing in part to rigid labor market regulations that act as an impediment to hiring.
Electricity - consumption - 19.15 billion kWh (2001)
Electricity - exports - 0 kWh (2001)
Electricity - imports - 0 kWh (2001)
Electricity - production - 20.59 billion kWh (2001)
Elevation extremes lowest point: South China Sea 0 m


highest point: unnamed location on Rocky Island 14 m
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m


highest point: Nevado Huascaran 6,768 m
Environment - current issues NA deforestation (some the result of illegal logging); overgrazing of the slopes of the costa and sierra leading to soil erosion; desertification; air pollution in Lima; pollution of rivers and coastal waters from municipal and mining wastes
Environment - international agreements - party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling


signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Ethnic groups - Amerindian 45%, mestizo (mixed Amerindian and white) 37%, white 15%, black, Japanese, Chinese, and other 3%
Exchange rates - nuevo sol per US dollar - 3.4785 (2003), 3.5165 (2002), 3.5068 (2001), 3.49 (2000), 3.3833 (1999)
Executive branch - chief of state: President Alejandro TOLEDO Manrique (since 28 July 2001); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government; additionally two vice presidents are provided for by the constitution, First Vice President (vacant) and Second Vice President David WAISMAN (since 28 July 2001)


head of government: President Alejandro TOLEDO Manrique (since 28 July 2001); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government; additionally two vice presidents are provided for by the constitution, First Vice President (vacant) and Second Vice President David WAISMAN (since 28 July 2001)


note: Prime Minister Carlos FERRERO Costa (since 15 December 2003) does not exercise executive power; this power is in the hands of the president


cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president


elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; special presidential and congressional elections held 8 April 2001, with runoff election held 3 June 2001; next to be held 9 April 2006


election results: President Alejandro TOLEDO Manrique elected president in runoff election; percent of vote - Alejandro TOLEDO Manrique 53.1%, Alan GARCIA 46.9%
Exports - NA (2001)
Exports - commodities - fish and fish products, gold, copper, zinc, crude petroleum and byproducts, lead, coffee, sugar, cotton
Exports - partners - US 27.1%, UK 12.4%, China 7.7%, Switzerland 7.6%, Chile 4.7%, Japan 4.4% (2003)
Fiscal year - calendar year
Flag description - three equal, vertical bands of red (hoist side), white, and red with the coat of arms centered in the white band; the coat of arms features a shield bearing a vicuna, cinchona tree (the source of quinine), and a yellow cornucopia spilling out gold coins, all framed by a green wreath
GDP - purchasing power parity - $146 billion (2003 est.)
GDP - composition by sector - agriculture: 8%


industry: 27%


services: 65% (2003 est.)
GDP - per capita - purchasing power parity - $5,100 (2003 est.)
GDP - real growth rate - 4% (2003 est.)
Geographic coordinates 16 30 N, 112 00 E 10 00 S, 76 00 W
Geography - note composed of 130 small coral islands and reefs divided into the northeast Amphitrite Group and the western Crescent Group shares control of Lago Titicaca, world's highest navigable lake, with Bolivia; a remote slope of Nevado Mismi, a 5,316 m peak, is the ultimate source of the Amazon River
Heliports - 1 (2003 est.)
Highways - total: 72,900 km


paved: 9,331 km


unpaved: 63,569 km (1999 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share - lowest 10%: 1.6%


highest 10%: 35.4% (1996)
Illicit drugs - until 1996 the world's largest coca leaf producer; emerging opium producer; cultivation of coca in Peru fell 15 percent to 31,150 hectares between 2002 and the end of 2003; much of the cocaine base is shipped to neighboring Colombia for processing into cocaine, while finished cocaine is shipped out from Pacific ports to the international drug market; increasing amounts of base and finished cocaine, however, are being moved to Brazil and Bolivia for use in the Southern Cone or transshipped to Europe and Africa
Imports - NA (2001)
Imports - commodities - machinery, transport equipment, foodstuffs, petroleum, iron and steel, chemicals, pharmaceuticals
Imports - partners - US 28.6%, Spain 10%, Chile 7.5%, Brazil 5.1%, Colombia 4.5% (2003)
Independence - 28 July 1821 (from Spain)
Industrial production growth rate - 2% (2003 est.)
Industries - mining of metals, petroleum, fishing, textiles, clothing, food processing, cement, auto assembly, steel, shipbuilding, metal fabrication
Infant mortality rate - total: 32.95 deaths/1,000 live births


male: 35.57 deaths/1,000 live births


female: 30.21 deaths/1,000 live births (2004 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) - 2.3% (2003 est.)
International organization participation - APEC, CAN, FAO, G-15, G-24, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO (correspondent), ITU, LAES, LAIA, Mercosur (associate), MIGA, MINUSTAH, MONUC, NAM, OAS, ONUB, OPANAL, OPCW, PCA, RG, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMEE, UNMIL, UNOCI, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO
Irrigated land 0 sq km (1998 est.) 11,950 sq km (1998 est.)
Judicial branch - Supreme Court of Justice or Corte Suprema de Justicia (judges are appointed by the National Council of the Judiciary)
Labor force - 8.63 million (2003 est.)
Labor force - by occupation - agriculture 5.9%, mining and quarrying 0.4%, manufacturing 12.6%, construction 5.3%, commerce 26.3%, household work 4.9%, other services 44.6% (2004)
Land boundaries 0 km total: 5,536 km


border countries: Bolivia 900 km, Brazil 1,560 km, Chile 160 km, Colombia 1,496 km (est.), Ecuador 1,420 km
Land use arable land: 0%


permanent crops: 0%


other: 100% (1998 est.)
arable land: 2.89%


permanent crops: 0.4%


other: 96.71% (2001)
Languages - Spanish (official), Quechua (official), Aymara, and a large number of minor Amazonian languages
Legal system - based on civil law system; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Legislative branch - unicameral Congress of the Republic of Peru or Congreso de la Republica del Peru (120 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)


elections: last held 8 April 2001 (next to be held 9 April 2006)


election results: percent of vote by party - Peru Posible 26.3%, APRA 19.7%, Unidad Nacional 13.8%, FIM 11.0%, others 29.2%; seats by party - Peru Posible 47, APRA 28, Unidad Nacional 17, FIM 11, others 17
Life expectancy at birth - total population: 69.22 years


male: 67.48 years


female: 71.03 years (2004 est.)
Literacy - definition: age 15 and over can read and write


total population: 90.9%


male: 95.2%


female: 86.8% (2003 est.)
Location Southeastern Asia, group of small islands and reefs in the South China Sea, about one-third of the way from central Vietnam to the northern Philippines Western South America, bordering the South Pacific Ocean, between Chile and Ecuador
Map references Southeast Asia South America
Maritime claims NA territorial sea: 200 nm


continental shelf: 200 nm
Merchant marine - total: 3 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 13,666 GRT/17,611 DWT


by type: cargo 2, petroleum tanker 1


foreign-owned: United States 1


registered in other countries: 19 (2004 est.)
Military - note occupied by China -
Military branches - Army (Ejercito Peruano), Navy (Marina de Guerra del Peru; includes Naval Air, Naval Infantry, and Coast Guard), Air Force (Fuerza Aerea del Peru; FAP)
Military expenditures - dollar figure - $829.4 million (2003)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP - 1.3% (2003)
Military manpower - availability - males age 15-49: 7,374,187 (2004 est.)
Military manpower - fit for military service - males age 15-49: 4,938,512 (2004 est.)
Military manpower - reaching military age annually - males: 277,931 (2004 est.)
National holiday - Independence Day, 28 July (1821)
Nationality - noun: Peruvian(s)


adjective: Peruvian
Natural hazards typhoons earthquakes, tsunamis, flooding, landslides, mild volcanic activity
Natural resources none copper, silver, gold, petroleum, timber, fish, iron ore, coal, phosphate, potash, hydropower, natural gas
Net migration rate - -1.05 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Pipelines - gas 388 km; oil 1,557 km; refined products 13 km (2004)
Political parties and leaders - Peruvian Aprista Party or PAP (also referred to by its original name Alianza Popular Revolucionaria Americana or APRA) [Alan GARCIA]; Independent Moralizing Front or FIM [Fernando OLIVERA Vega]; National Unity (Unidad Nacional) or UN [Lourdes FLORES Nano]; Peru Posible or PP [David WAISMAN]; Popular Action or AP [Javier DIAZ Orihuela]; Solucion Popular [Carlos BOLANA]; Somos Peru or SP [Alberto ANDRADE]; Union for Peru or UPP [Roger GUERRA Garcia]
Political pressure groups and leaders - leftist guerrilla groups include Shining Path [Abimael GUZMAN Reynoso (imprisoned), Gabriel MACARIO (top leader at-large)]; Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement or MRTA [Victor POLAY (imprisoned), Hugo AVALLENEDA Valdez (top leader at-large)]
Population no indigenous inhabitants


note: there are scattered Chinese garrisons (July 2003 est.)
27,544,305 (July 2004 est.)
Population below poverty line - 54% (2003 est.)
Population growth rate - 1.39% (2004 est.)
Ports and harbors small Chinese port facilities on Woody Island and Duncan Island being expanded Callao, Chimbote, Ilo, Matarani, Paita, Puerto Maldonado, Salaverry, San Martin, Talara, Iquitos, Pucallpa, Yurimaguas


note: Iquitos, Pucallpa, and Yurimaguas are all on the upper reaches of the Amazon and its tributaries
Radio broadcast stations - AM 472, FM 198, shortwave 189 (1999)
Railways - total: 3,462 km


standard gauge: 2,962 km 1.435-m gauge


narrow gauge: 500 km 0.914-m gauge (2003)
Religions - Roman Catholic 90%
Sex ratio - at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female


under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female


15-64 years: 1.01 male(s)/female


65 years and over: 0.89 male(s)/female


total population: 1.01 male(s)/female (2004 est.)
Suffrage - 18 years of age; universal and compulsory until the age of 70; note - members of the military may not vote
Telephone system - general assessment: adequate for most requirements


domestic: nationwide microwave radio relay system and a domestic satellite system with 12 earth stations


international: country code - 51; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean); Pan American submarine cable
Telephones - main lines in use - 1,839,200 (2003)
Telephones - mobile cellular - 2,908,800 (2003)
Television broadcast stations - 13 (plus 112 repeaters) (1997)
Terrain mostly low and flat western coastal plain (costa), high and rugged Andes in center (sierra), eastern lowland jungle of Amazon Basin (selva)
Total fertility rate - 2.61 children born/woman (2004 est.)
Unemployment rate - 9.7%; widespread underemployment (2003 est.)
Waterways none 8,808 km


note: 8,600 km of navigable tributaries of Amazon system and 208 km of Lago Titicaca (2004)
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